Are we human because of unique traits and a!ributes not shared with

either animal or machine? The definition of “human” is circular: we are

human by virtue of the properties that make us human (i.e., distinct

from animal and machine). It is a definition by negation: that which

separates us from animal and machine is our “human-ness”.

Are we human because of unique traits and a!ributes not shared with

either animal or machine? The definition of “human” is circular: we are

human by virtue of the properties that make us human (i.e., distinct

from animal and machine). It is a definition by negation: that which

separates us from animal and machine is our “human-ness”.